Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: the evidence
Joseph Roisman; translations by J. C. Yardley
- Resource Type:
- E-Book
- Publication:
- Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2011
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- Table of Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: I. Archaeological Evidence
- 1.1. Pottery
- II. Coins
- III. Written Evidence
- III.1. Investigation of Sources and Fragments of Lost Historians
- III.2. Herodotus
- III.3. Thucydides
- III.4. Xenophon
- III.5. Diodorus of Sicily
- III.6. Plutarch
- III.7. Attic Orators
- 1. World of Homer
- 1.1. Funeral Scene on a Dipylon Vase
- 1.2. Homeric Household (Oikos)
- 1.3. Women and the Homeric Household
- 1.4. Slaves and the Homeric Household
- 1.5. Measure of Happiness
- 1.6. Household in Trouble
- 1.7. Households and Community
- 1.8. Homeric Leaders
- 1.9. Kings, Council, and Assembly
- 1.10. Trial Scene
- 1.11. Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence
- 1.12. Reciprocity and Guest-Friendship (Xenia)
- 1.13. Bust of Homer
- 2. World of Hesiod
- 2.1. Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice
- 2.2. Women and Pandora's Jar
- 2.3. Household and Marriage
- 2.4. Value of Labor
- 2.5. Hesiod
- 2.5.I. Slaves in Hesiod
- 2.5.II. Hesiod on Competitiveness
- 2.5.III. Bust of Hesiod
- 2.6. Orientalizing Period
- 3. Early Greek Polis (City-State) and the Ethnos
- 3.1. Homeric Polis
- 3.2. Walled Homeric Polis
- 3.3. Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; ca. 700)
- 3.4. Links to Andros and the Azoria Project
- 3.5. Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis
- 3.5.A. Theseus' Unification of Attica
- 3.5.B. Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis
- 3.6. Ethnos: The Ionians
- 3.6.A. Ion's Ancestors
- 3.6.B. Ionians in the Peloponnese
- 3.6.C. History of the Ionians
- 3.7. Links of Interest
- 4. Settlements Across the Sea: Greek "Colonization"
- 4.1. Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean
- 4.2. Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750)
- 4.2.A. Settling of Pithecoussae
- 4.2.B. "Nestor Cup"
- 4.3. Livy on the Settlement of Pithecoussae
- 4.4. Foundation of Cyrene (631)
- 4.5. Herodotus on the Foundation of Cyrene (631)
- 4.5.I. Delphic Oracle
- 4.6. Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and Epidamnus (435)
- 4.7. Settlers and Locals
- 4.8. Selinus (651/0?)
- 4.9. Links of Interest
- 5. Aristocratic Power and Attitudes
- 5.1. Aristocratic Power and Offices in Athens
- 5.2. Kings by Merit
- 5.3. Aristocratic Exclusiveness
- 5.3.A. Unworthy
- 5.3.B. Do Not Marry a Commoner
- 5.4. Aristocratic Anxiety
- 6. Archaic Tyranny
- 6.1. How Tyrants Attained Power
- 6.2. Birth and Rescue of Cypselus
- 6.3. Cypselus' Tyranny in Corinth (ca. 650-625)
- 6.3.A. Cypselus' Harsh Tyranny
- 6.3.B. Cypselus' Mild Tyranny
- 6.4. Periander's Tyranny in Corinth (625-585)
- 6.5. Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth
- 6.6. Failed Attempt at Tyranny in Athens: Cylon (632)
- 6.7. Herodotus on Cylon
- 7. Archaic and Classical Sparta
- 7.1. Thucydides on the Spartan City
- 7.2. Messenian Wars (735-650) and the Conquered Population
- 7.3. Helots
- 7.3.A. Tyrtaeus on the Helots
- 7.3.B. Helot System
- 7.4. Eliminating Helots
- 7.5. Krypteia
- 7.6. Lycurgus' Regulations
- 7.7. Early Sparta
- 7.7.I. Crises in Early Sparta
- 7.7.II. Early Economic Disparity in Sparta
- 7.7.III. Lycurgus' Identity
- 7.8. Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra
- 7.8.A. Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government
- 7.8.B. Plutarch on Lycurgus' Rhetra
- 7.9. Spartan Kingship
- 7.10. Xenophon on Spartan Kingship
- 7.11. Spartan Gerousia (Council)
- 7.12. Ephors
- 7.13. Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on the Spartan Government
- 7.13.I. Ephors and King Theopompus
- 7.13.II. Aristotle on the Spartan "Mixed" Constitution
- 7.14. State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies
- 7.15. Schooling of Boys
- 7.16. Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys
- 7.17. Girls' Education and Rituals
- 7.17.A. Girls' Education
- 7.17.B. Spartan Maidens and Rituals
- 7.17.C. Female Spartan Runner
- 7.18. Plutarch on Spartan Girls' Education and Rituals
- 7.19. Spartan Marriage
- 7.20. Wife-Sharing
- 7.20.A. Xenophon on Wife-Sharing
- 7.20.B. Polybius on Wife-Sharing
- 7.21. Sayings of Spartan Mothers
- 7.22. Common Messes
- 7.22.A. Xenophon on the Common Messes
- 7.22.B. Plutarch on the Common Messes
- 7.23. Aristotle on the Common Messes
- 7.24. Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality
- 7.24.A. Lycurgus' Egalitarian Measures
- 7.24.B. Similar Ones (Homoioi)?
- 7.25. Courage and Cowardice in Sparta
- 7.26. Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances
- 7.26.A. Spartans' Agreement with Tegea
- 7.26.B. Spartans' Treaty with Olynthus
- 7.27. Sparta, Arcadia, and Corinth
- 7.27.I. Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes
- 7.27.II. First Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (506)
- 7.27.III. Second Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (504)
- 7.28. King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens (519)
- 7.29. King Cleomenes
- 7.29.I. Cleomenes' Birth
- 7.29.II. Cleomenes and Argos (494)
- 7.29.III. Cleomenes and Aegina
- 7.29.IV. Cleomenes and Demaratus (491/0)
- 7.29.V. Cleomenes' Downfall (490-489)
- 7.30. Links of Interest
- 8. Hoplites and Their Values
- 8.1. Hoplites and Their Weapons
- 8.2. Standing in a Phalanx Formation
- 8.3. Hoplite Battles
- 8.4. Hoplite Ideals
- 8.4.A. Do Not Flee But Stand Your Ground
- 8.4.B. Worthy Man in War
- 8.5. Battle of Champions
- 8.6. Spartan or Hoplite Ideology
- 8.7. Hoplites and Politics
- 8.8. Links of Interest
- 9. Archaic Athens From Draco to Solon
- 9.1. Draco's Law of Homicide (621/0)
- 9.2. Draco's Harsh Laws
- 9.3. Background to Solon's Legislation
- 9.3.A. Situation Before Solon's Archonship
- 9.3.B. Solon's Election
- 9.4. Solon's Middle-of-the-Road Policy (594)
- 9.5. Solon's Rejection of Tyranny
- 9.6. Solon's Economic Regulations: Land and Debts
- 9.6.A. Solon's Regulations Concerning Debts
- 9.6.B. Solon on His Regulations
- 9.7. Solon's Economic Regulations: Export and Trade
- 9.8. Solon's Political Regulations
- 9.8.A. Solon's Classes and Their Respective Offices
- 9.8.B. Solon and Election to Offices
- 9.9. Solon's Judicial Regulations
- 9.10. Solonian Polis
- 9.11. Link to a Bust of Solon
- 10. Tyranny in Athens
- 10.1. Solon and King Croesus
- 10.2. Athens after Solon
- 10.3. Rivalry for Power
- 10.4. Peisistratus' First Attempt at Tyranny (561/0)
- 10.5. Peisistratus' Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile and Return (556-546)
- 10.5.A. Peisistratus Marries Megacles' Daughter
- 10.5.B. Peisistratus' Exile
- 10.6. Peisistratus in Exile
- 10.7. Peisistratus' Tyranny (546-528/7)
- 10.8. Peisistratus' Rule; Athenian Coinage
- 10.8.I. Peisistratus' Mild Rule
- 10.8.II. Early Athenian Coins and the City of Athens Under the Tyrants
- 10.9. Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List
- 10.10. Athenian Tyrannicides (514/3)
- 10.10.A. Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides
- 10.10.B. Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton
- 10.11. Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides
- 10.12. Expulsion of the Tyrants (511/0)
- 11. Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7)
- 11.1. Cleisthenes and His Opposition
- 11.2. Cleisthenes' Reforms (508/7)
- 11.2.A. Cleisthenes' Measures
- 11.2.B. Athenian Demes
- 11.3. Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian Residents
- 11.4. Membership in the Deme
- 11.5. Ostracism (Ostrakismos)
- 11.5.A. Trial by Potsherds
- 11.5.B. Ostraka
- 11.6. Ath. Pol. on Ostracism and the Dating of Its Introduction
- 11.7. Generalship
- 11.8. Athenian Public Building ca.
- 500
- 12. Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and Competition
- 12.1. Manly Youth: A Kouros
- 12.2. Homoerotic Couples
- 12.3. Courting Men and Women
- 12.4. Cretan Lovers
- 12.5. Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves
- 12.6. Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase
- 12.7. Love and the Symposion
- 12.7.I. Proclaiming Love
- 12.7.II. Symposion, Wine, and Self-Control
- 12.8. Banquet (Symposion)
- 12.9. Competition and the Rewards of Victory
- 12.9.A. Prize in the Panathenaic Games
- 12.9.B. Victory Ode
- 12.10. Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice
- 12.11. Archaic Women: Sappho on Love
- 12.11.A. "She Left Me"
- 12.11.B. What is Beauty?
- 12.12. Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea
- 12.12.I. Sappho's Invitation of Aphrodite
- 12.12.II. Female Youth
- 12.13. Seducing Maidens
- 12.14. Anacreon's "Thracian Filly"
- 12.15. Portraits of Wives
- 12.16. Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste
- 12.16.I. Sappho's Poem on Andromache's Arrival in Troy
- 12.16.II. Marriage of Agariste
- 13. Archaic Law
- 13.1. Law of Dreros
- 13.2. Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct
- 13.3. Gortyn Law on Division of Property
- 13.4. Solon's Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry, Women Outdoors, Parental Support, and Sexual Misconduct
- 13.5. Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad
- 13.6. Changing the Law
- 14. Archaic Greek Religion
- 14.1. Herodotus on Homer and Hesiod's Contribution to Greek Religion
- 14.2. Athens Purifies Delos (426/5)
- 14.3. Worship
- 14.4. Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis
- 14.4.A. Mysteries and Hades
- 14.4.B. Macron Cup with Triptolemus
- 14.5. Hymn to Demeter
- 14.6. Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s)
- 14.7. Links of Interest
- 15. Ionian Revolt: Persians and Greeks
- 15.1. King Croesus
- 15.1.I. Croesus' Kingdom
- 15.1.II. Croesus and Delphi
- Contents note continued: 15.2. Persia and the Ionians
- 15.3. Ionians, Greeks, and Persians
- 15.3.I. Herodotus on the Ionians and Their Response to the Persian Occupation
- 15.3.II. Cyrus the Great and Sparta
- 15.3.III. Cultural Exchange between Greeks and Persians
- 15.4. Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513)
- 15.5. King Darius I and His Administrative Reforms
- 15.6. Causes of the Ionian Revolt (499-494)
- 15.6.A. Aristagoras' Naxian Campaign
- 15.6.B. Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants
- 15.7. Aristagoras' Rebellion and Histiaeus' Message
- 15.8. Aristagoras' Quest for Help in Greece (500)
- 15.9. Aristagoras in Sparta
- 15.10. Fall of Miletus and Phrynichus' Capture of Miletus (494)
- 15.11. Change of Persian Policy in Ionia
- 16. Battle of Marathon (490)
- 16.1. Darius Demands Surrender
- 16.2. Spartans' Attempt to Atone for the Killing of Persian Envoys
- 16.3. Persian Expedition and Athens' Request for Help (490)
- 16.3.A. Persians Arrive at Marathon
- 16.3.B. Athens Requests Help from Sparta
- 16.4. Battle of Marathon (490)
- 16.4.A. War Council Before Battle and the Fighting in Marathon
- 16.4.B. Persian Cavalry
- 16.4.C. Monuments of the Battle of Marathon
- 16.5. Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid?
- 16.6. Fame of Marathon and Its Commemoration
- 16.6.A. Elegy on Marathon
- 16.6.B. Aeschylus' Epitaph
- 16.6.C. Mound at Marathon
- 16.7. After Marathon
- 16.7.I. Link to an Image of a Greek Soldier Fighting a Persian
- 16.7.II. Aristophanes on the Warriors of Marathon
- 16.7.III. Miltiades after Marathon
- 16.7.IV. Darius' War Plans after Marathon
- 17. Persian War (480-479)
- 17.1. Greek Perspectives of the Persian War
- 17.1.A. Bridging of the Hellespont
- 17.1.B. Punishing the Hellespont
- 17.2. Greeks' Views of Persians
- 17.2.I. Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat and Humiliation
- 17.2.II. Plato on Persian Royal Education and Decadence
- 17.3. Themistocles and His Naval Program
- 17.3.A. Themistocles' Plan
- 17.3.B. Themistocles' Naval Project
- 17.4. Herodotus on Themistocles' Building of the Athenian Navy
- 17.5. Athenian Trireme
- 17.5.A. Lenormant Relief of a Trireme
- 17.5.B. Olympia at Sea
- 17.6. Explanatory Comments on the Athenian Trireme
- 17.7. Greek Responses to Xerxes' Invasion
- 17.8. Themistocles Initiates the Return of Ostracized Athenians
- 17.9. Hellenic Alliance Against Persia
- 17.9.A. Greeks' Decisions About the War
- 17.9.B. Greek Command
- 17.10. Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480)
- 17.10.A. Retreat from Thessaly
- 17.10.B. Greeks' Lines of Defense
- 17.11. Battle of Thermopylae (480)
- 17.11.A. Leonidas' Plan
- 17.11.B. Leonidas Decides to Stay
- 17.11.C. Commemorating the Spartans of Thermopylae
- 17.12. From Artemisium to Thermopylae
- 17.12.I. Herodotus on the Battle of Artemisium
- 17.12.II. Themistocles Encourages the Ionians and the Carians to Desert Xerxes
- 17.12.III. Demaratus Informs Xerxes about the Spartans
- 17.12.IV. Spartans' Last Stand at Thermopylae and Leonidas' Fate
- 17.13. Evacuation of Athens
- 17.13.A. Athenians Ask for a Second Oracle
- 17.13.B. Themistocles' Decree
- 17.13.C. Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy
- 17.14. Athens' Choice
- 17.14.I. First Athenian Consultation of Delphi About Continuing the War Against Persia
- 17.14.II. Areopagus Helps in the Evacuation of Athens
- 17.15. Battle of Salamis (480)
- 17.15.A. Themistocles' Plan of Battle
- 17.15.B. Persian Movements
- 17.15.C. Battle Plan of Salamis
- 17.15.D. Aeschylus' Description of the Battle of Salamis
- 17.16. Greeks in Salamis
- 17.16.I. Herodotus on the Battle of Salamis
- 17.16.II. Competing Claims for the Honor of Fighting at Salamis
- 17.17. Battle of Plataea (479)
- 17.17.A. Athens Declares Loyalty to the Greek Cause
- 17.17.B. Spartan Expedition to Plataea
- 17.17.C. Plataea Oath
- 17.18. Herodotus on the Battle of Plataea
- 17.19. Commemorating the Battle of Plataea
- 17.19.A. Simonides on the Spartans' Departure for Plataea
- 17.19.B. Dedications to the Gods
- 17.19.C. Those Who Fought in the War
- 17.20. Pausanias and the Fame of Plataea
- 17.21. Battle of Mycale (479)
- 17.22. Links of Interest
- 18. Athenian Empire
- 18.1. Rebuilding Athens' Walls (479/8)
- 18.2. Themistocles and Sparta
- 18.2.I. Themistocles and the Fortification of Piraeus
- 18.2.II. Themistocles' Opposition to Sparta's Plan to Punish Medized States
- 18.3. Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies
- 18.3.A. Pausanias' Recall
- 18.3.B. Spartans Relinquish Their Command
- 18.3.C. Aristides and the Ionians
- 18.4. Pausanias Seeks Support from Xerxes
- 18.5. Formation of the Delian League (478)
- 18.5.A. Goals of the Delian League
- 18.5.B. Liberating the Greeks
- 18.5.C. Managing the League
- 18.5.D. Establishing the Tribute
- 18.6. Comments on the Delian League's Original Annual Tribute and Structure
- 18.7. Cimon and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest of Eion, Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6-465)
- 18.7.A. Capture of Eion
- 18.7.B. Capture of Scyros
- 18.7.C. Subjugation of Carystus and Naxos
- 18.8. Themistocles' Exile; Cimon and Theseus
- 18.8.I. Themistocles' Ostracism and Exile
- 18.8.II. Cimon and Theseus
- 18.9. Operations in Asia Minor and the Battle of Eurymedon (469-466)
- 18.9.A. Cimon's Successes in Asia Minor
- 18.9.B. Battle of Eurymedon
- 18.9.C. Eulogizing the Dead of Eurymedon
- 18.10. Cimon in Asia Minor; the Painted Stoa
- 18.10.I. Cimon's Operations in Asia Minor (470-467/6)
- 18.10.II. Painted Stoa and Its Possible Association with Cimon
- 18.11. Operations in Northern Greece (465/4-463/2)
- 18.12. Sparta's Wars in the Peloponnese, the Great Helots' Revolt, and the Mt. Ithome Affair (473-460)
- 18.12.A. Sparta's Peloponnesian Conflicts
- 18.12.B. Great Earthquake and the Messenian Revolt
- 18.12.C. Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta
- 18.12.D. Spartans Send the Athenians Back Home
- 18.13. Leotychidas' Exile and Pausanias' Second Recall and Death
- 18.13.I. Leotychidas, Bribes, and Exile (ca. 476)
- 18.13.II. Pausanias' Second Recall and Death (ca.470)
- 18.14. Messenians Settle Naupactus
- 19. Empowering Athenian Democracy (462/1-445/4)
- 19.1. Ephialtes' Reforms (462/1)
- 19.1.A. Ephialtes and the Areopagus
- 19.1.B. Areopagus after Ephialtes' Reforms
- 19.2. Aeschylus and the Areopagus; Ephialtes' Murder
- 19.2.I. Aeschylus and the Areopagus
- 19.2.II. Ephialtes' Assassination
- 19.3. Blocking Illegal Decrees (Graphe Paranomon)
- 19.4. Examination of State Officials (Dokimasia)
- 19.5. Rendering Accounts (Euthynai)
- 19.6. Expanding Eligibility to the Archonship
- 19.7. Pericles' Democratic Measures
- 19.8. Democratic Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos)
- 19.8.A. Public Pay and Offices
- 19.8.B. Public Wages
- 19.9. Criticism of State Salaries
- 19.10. Elitist Perspective on Pericles' Relationship with the Demos
- 19.11. Pericles' Citizenship Law (451/0)
- 19.11.A. Philochorus on the Background of Pericles' Law
- 19.11.B. Plutarch on the Background of Pericles' Law
- 19.12. Ath. Pol.
- on Pericles' Citizenship Law
- 19.13. Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias
- 19.14. Pericles' Building Program and Leadership
- 19.14.I. Controversy over Pericles' Building Program and the Ostracism of Thucydides son of Melesias (444/3)
- 19.14.II. Pericles' Leadership
- 19.15. Links of Interest
- 20. War and Peace in Greece (461/0-437/6)
- 20.1. Athens' Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0)
- 20.2. Athenian Pride in their Victory over Corinth
- 20.3. Athenian Expedition to Egypt (460)
- 20.3.A. Egyptian Expedition
- 20.3.B. Defeat in Egypt
- 20.4. Diodorus on the Egyptian Campaign (460)
- 20.5. Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts (460-459)
- 20.6. Thucydides on Athenian Campaigns in 460-458
- 20.7. Long Walls (458)
- 20.8. Ancient Accounts About the Long Walls
- 20.9. Battle of Tanagra (458)
- 20.10. Cimon and the Battle of Tanagra (457)
- 20.11. Peace of Callias (450?)
- 20.12. Athenian Campaigns 453-451
- 20.12.I. Athenian Campaigns in Western Greece (ca. 453)
- 20.12.II. Cimon's Last Campaign (451)
- 20.13. Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446)
- 20.13.A. Euboean Campaign and the Peloponnesian Invasion
- 20.13.B. Pericles Bribes the Spartans to Retreat
- 20.14. Pericles Punishes Euboea (446)
- 20.15. Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta (446/5)
- 20.15.A. Athenian Concessions in the Thirty-Year Peace
- 20.15.B. Arbitration Clause in the Thirty-Year Peace
- 20.16. Thirty-Year Peace and Argos' Neutrality
- 20.17. Athenian Colonization and the Colony of Brea (447-445)
- 20.17.A. Athenian Foundations of Colonies
- 20.17.B. Foundation Decree of Brea
- 20.18. Hippodamian City Plan
- 20.19. Foundation of Thurii in Italy (444/3)
- 20.20. Foundation of Amphipolis (437/6)
- 21. Administration of the Empire and the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists
- 21.1. Cleinias Decree
- 21.2. Tribute Quota List of 453/2
- 21.3. Erythraean Decree (453/2)
- 21.4. Athens and the Allies
- 21.4.I. Athens' Intervention in the Allies' Affairs
- 21.4.II. Athens' Jurisdiction Over the Allies
- 21.5. Samian Revolt (441/0-440/39)
- 21.6. Allies' Attitudes Toward the Empire
- 21.6.A. Athens' Services to the Allies
- 21.6.B. Allies' Enmity Toward Athens
- Contents note continued: 21.6.C. Pragmatic Attitude Toward the Allies' Conduct
- 22. City of Athens
- 22.1. Pericles' Public Building
- 22.2. Parthenon and Athena's Statue
- 22.2.I. Statue of Athena Parthenos
- 22.2.II. Pericles, Phidias, and Athena's Statue
- 22.3. Acropolis
- 22.3.I. Building the Erechtheum
- 22.3.II. Athenian Acropolis
- 22.4. City Dionysia: Religion, Drama, and the State
- 22.4.I. Dionysian Procession
- 22.5. Dithyrambic Performances
- 22.6. Selecting and Producing Plays
- 22.7. Theater of Dionysus
- 22.7.I. Honoring in the Theater
- 22.7.II. Theater of Dionysus at Athens
- 22.8. Links of Interest
- 23. Sophists, Athenian Democracy, and Democracy's Critics
- 23.1. Sophists' View of Justice
- 23.2. Right and Might
- 23.3. Justice and Expediency
- 23.4. Sophocles' Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists
- 23.5. Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides' Suppliant Women
- 23.6. Democracy and Its Alternatives
- 23.6.I. Debate over the Merits of Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy
- 23.6.II. Pericles' Funeral Oration
- 23.7. Criticizing Democracy
- 23.8. Criticism of the Democratic Use of the Lot
- 24. Causes of the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian and Spartan Strategies
- 24.1. Thucydides' View of the Causes of the Peloponnesian War
- 24.2. Epidamnus and Potidaea Affairs
- 24.2.I. Epidamnus Affair (436-433)
- 24.2.II. Potidaea Affair (433-432)
- 24.3. Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure, and Spartan Demands
- 24.3.A. Thucydides on the Megarian Decree
- 24.3.B. Plutarch on the Background to the Megarian Decree
- 24.3.C. Corinth Urges Sparta to Go to War
- 24.3.D. Spartan Demands
- 24.4. Aristophanes on Pericles, Aspasia, and the Megarian Affair
- 24.5. Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy
- 24.5.A. Spartan Estimates of the Athenian Reaction
- 24.5.B. Greek Enmity Toward Athens
- 24.6. King Archidamus Advises the Spartans About the War
- 24.7. "Periclean Strategy"
- 24.7.A. Pericles on the Athenian Strategy
- 24.7.B. Superiority of Naval Power
- 24.8. Athenian and Spartan "Characters" and Strategies
- 24.8.I. Thucydides on the Spartan and Athenian "National Characters" and Their Impact on Strategies
- 24.8.II. Comments on Problems of the Spartan and Athenian Strategies
- 25. Peloponnesian War: The Archidamian War (431-421)
- 25.1. Athens and the Plague
- 25.1.A. Mass Grave in Athens
- 25.1.B. Thucydides on Human Conduct During a Plague
- 25.2. Pericles' Conviction; the Plague
- 25.2.1. Plutarch on Pericles' Conviction
- 25.2.II. Thucydides on the Plague in Athens
- 25.3. Pericles' Political Successors
- 25.4. Athens Opens a Second Front in Sicily (427)
- 25.5. Nicias and Cleon
- 25.5.A. Plutarch on Nicias
- 25.5.B. Cleon and the Demos
- 25.5.C. Aristophanes on Cleon
- 25.6. Nicias; Cleon; the Mytilenean Affair
- 25.6.I. Nicias' Piety and Munificence
- 25.6.II. Aristophanes' Depiction of Cleon as the People's Watchdog
- 25.6.III. Mytilenean Affair (428-427)
- 25.7. Pylos Campaign (425)
- 25.7.A. Demosthenes' Plan
- 25.7.B. Sparta Offers Peace
- 25.7.C. Spartans' Surrender
- 25.7.D. Impact of Sphacteria
- 25.7.E. Spartan Shield from Pylos
- 25.8. Battle on the Island of Sphacteria
- 25.9. Brasidas
- 25.9.A. Brasidas' Impact
- 25.9.B. Brasidas' Speech to the Acanthians
- 25.9.C. Athens Punishes Torone
- 25.9.D. Brasidas' Last Honors
- 25.10. Yearnings for Peace in Athens
- 25.11. Peace of Nicias (421)
- 25.11.A. Athens' and Sparta's Motives for the Peace
- 25.11.B. Selected Terms of the Peace of Nicias
- 26. Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War
- 26.1. Spartan War Fund
- 26.2. Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora)
- 26.3. Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree
- 26.4. Cleon and the Allies' Tribute
- 26.5. Special Treatment: The Methone Decrees
- 26.6. Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree
- 27. Uneasy Peace and the Sicilian Expedition (421-413)
- 27.1. Alcibiades
- 27.1.A. Alcibiades at the Olympic Games
- 27.1.B. Alcibiades' Ambitions and the Athenians' Attitudes Toward Him
- 27.1.C. Alcibiades and Melos
- 27.1.D. Alcibiades and the Ostracism of Hyperbolus
- 27.2. Battle of Mantinea (I); the Melian Dialogue
- 27.2.I. (First) Battle of Mantinea (418)
- 27.2.II. Melian Dialogue
- 27.3. Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian Expedition (416)
- 27.3.A. Egesta Requests Help
- 27.3.B. Decision on the Sicilian Campaign
- 27.4. Egestans Trick the Athenian Fact-Finding Mission
- 27.5. Athenians' Goals in Sicily
- 27.5.A. Alcibiades Describes the Athenian Goals and Strategy
- 27.5.B. Athenian Enthusiasm for the Campaign
- 27.5.C. Athenian Armada
- 27.6. Nicias and Alcibiades Debate the Sicilian Campaign (415)
- 27.7. Herms and Mysteries Affairs
- 27.7.A. Andocides on the Plot
- 27.7.B. Plotters Gather (?)
- 27.7.C. Confiscation of the Plotters' Property
- 27.8. Thucydides on the Herms and Mysteries Affairs
- 27.9. Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta
- 27.10. Athenian Strategy in Sicily; Alcibiades' Recall
- 27.10.I. Initial Athenian Strategy in Sicily
- 27.10.II. Alcibiades' Recall and the Impact of His Defection to Sparta
- 27.11. Sparta Enters the War
- 27.12. Athens Sends Reinforcements to Nicias in Sicily (414)
- 27.13. Athenian Defeat in Sicily
- 27.13.A. Athenian Retreat from Syracuse
- 27.13.B. Massacre at the Assinarus River
- 27.13.C. Fate of Those Captured and Thucydides' Review of the Expedition
- 27.14. Syracusan Naval Tactics Prior to the Arrival of Athenian Reinforcements (414)
- 27.15. Links of Interest
- 28. Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War (413-404)
- 28.1. Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413)
- 28.1.A. Harm from Decelea
- 28.1.B. Thebans' Gains
- 28.2. Sparta's Maritime Strategy and Persia
- 28.2.A. Persians Offer an Alliance
- 28.2.B. Spartan-Persian Treaty (412)
- 28.2.C. Persian King's Aegean Policy
- 28.2.D. Athenian Anti-Democrats Contact Alcibiades
- 28.3. Alcibiades in Sparta and Asia Minor
- 28.3.I. Alcibiades' Affair with Queen Timaea
- 28.3.II. Alcibiades' Advice to the Satrap Tissaphernes
- 28.4. Athenian Oligarchy of 411
- 28.4.A. Motion to Limit Political Rights to 5,000 Citizens
- 28.4.B. Decree Concerning Public Offices and the Council
- 28.4.C. Unpaid Offices and the Powers of the 5,000 and of the Council of 400
- 28.4.D. Demophantus' Decree and the Restoration of Democracy
- 28.5. Four Hundred Regime and Its Fall
- 28.5.I. Comments on the Leaders and Supporters of Overthrowing Athenian Democracy in 411
- 28.5.II. Board for Designing a New Government for Athens
- 28.5.III. Fall of the Four Hundred and Athens' New Constitution
- 28.6. Ransoming Captives and the Selymbrian Decree (408-407)
- 28.6.A. Ransoming Captives
- 28.6.B. Selymbrian Decree
- 28.7. Third Spartan-Persian Treaty; Alcibiades' Return
- 28.7.I. Third Spartan-Persian Treaty (411)
- 28.7.II. Alcibiades' Return and Athenian Views of Him (407/6)
- 28.8. Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta
- 28.8.A. Cyrus' Post
- 28.8.B. Battle of Notium
- 28.9. Cyrus in Asia Minor; Alcibiades' Exile
- 28.9.I. Cyrus the Younger's Mission in Asia Minor (407/6)
- 28.9.II. Alcibiades' Second Exile
- 28.10. Arginusae Affair (406/5)
- 28.11. Battle of Aegospotami (405)
- 28.12. Athens' Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian War (405/4)
- 28.12.A. Lysander Changes the Governments of the Allies
- 28.12.B. Samian Decree
- 28.12.C. Sparta Refuses to Destroy Athens and Her Terms of Surrender
- 28.12.D. Lysander Sails into Piraeus
- 28.13. Honoring the Victor
- 28.13.A. Dedication in Honor of Lysander
- 28.13.B. Lysander's Extraordinary Honors
- 28.13.C. Athenian View of the Defeat
- 29. Rule of the Thirty, the Athenian Amnesty, and Socrates' Trial
- 29.1. Establishment of the Rule of the Thirty (404)
- 29.2. Thirty Tyrants
- 29.3. Fall of the Thirty (403)
- 29.4. Critias' Grave Monument (?)
- 29.5. Spartans' Grave at Athens and the Athenian
- Amnesty (403)
- 29.5.A. Battle between the Peloponnesians and Athenian Democrats
- 29.5.B. Spartan Grave in Athens
- 29.5.C. Settlement Between the Democrats and the Oligarchs
- 29.5.D. Counter-Suit (Paragraphe)
- 29.6. Reaction of the Spartans and Their Allies to the Thirty's Appeal for Help Against the Exiles
- 29.7. Socrates' Trial (399)
- 29.8. Socrates' Trial and Image
- 30. Sparta After the Peloponnesian War: Politics, Wealth, and Demography
- 30.1. Accession of Agesilaus II (400)
- 30.2. Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399)
- 30.3. Empire and Wealth in Sparta
- 30.4. Epitadeus' Law (?) and the Shortage of Men (Oliganthropia)
- 30.4.A. Epitadeus' Law
- 30.4.B. Land Ownership and the Shortage of Male Citizens
- 30.5. Princess Cynisca
- 30.5.A. Cynisca's Olympic Victories
- 30.5.B. Cynisca Epigram
- 30.5.C. Agesilaus and Cynisca
- 31. Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War, and the Peace of Antalcidas (404/3-388/7)
- 31.1. Sparta and Persia
- 31.1.A. Cyrus Requests Spartan Aid
- 31.1.B. Spartan Aid to Cyrus
- 31.2. Lessons of the Anabasis
- 31.3. Agesilaus' Asian Campaign and Lysander's Demotion
- 31.3.A. Agesilaus' Asian Campaign
- 31.3.B. Agesilaus and Lysander
- 31.4. Lysander's Alleged Plan to Reform Spartan Kingship (396)
- 31.5. Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395)
- 31.5.A. King Sends Money to Greece
- 31.5.B. Greek Grievances Against Sparta
- Contents note continued: 31.6. Criticism of the View that Persian Bribes Led the Greeks to Fight Sparta
- 31.7. Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394)
- 31.8. Battle of Cnidus (394)
- 31.9. Dexileus Monument
- 31.10. Peltasts and the Battle of Lechaeum (390)
- 31.11. Iphicrates' Military Reforms
- 31.12. Peace of Antalcidas (388/7)
- 31.13. Comments on the Significance of the Peace of Antalcidas
- 31.14. Call for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia
- 32. From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle of Leuctra and Its Aftermath (371)
- 32.1. Boeotian Federation in the Fourth Century
- 32.2. Greek Federations and the Boeotian Federation Before the Fourth Century
- 32.3. Sparta Dissolves Greek Federations in the Name of Autonomy
- 32.4. Xenophon and Diodorus on the Union Between Argos and Corinth (392-386)
- 32.5. Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (Citadel) of Thebes (382)
- 32.6. Views of the Spartans at the Cadmea
- 32.6.I. Diodorus on the Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (382)
- 32.6.II. Xenophon on the Spartans' Fault in Occupying the Cadmea
- 32.7. Sphodrias Affair (379/8)
- 32.7.A. Sphodrias Invades Attica
- 32.7.B. Sphodrias' Acquittal
- 32.8. Plutarch on Sphodrias' Attempt to Capture Piraeus
- 32.9. Formation of the Second Athenian League (378/7)
- 32.9.A. Decree of Aristoteles
- 32.9.B. Diodorus on the Second Athenian League
- 32.9.C. "Contributions" to the League
- 32.10. Desiring Peace
- 32.11. Common Peace of 371
- 32.11.A. Terms of the Common Peace of 371
- 32.11.B. Epaminondas in Sparta
- 32.12. Sacred Band
- 32.13. Battle of Leuctra (371)
- 32.13.A. Xenophon on the Battle at Leuctra
- 32.13.B. Spartan Reaction to the Defeat in Leuctra
- 32.14. Plutarch on the Battle of Leuctra
- 32.15. Foundation of Messene (370/69)
- 32.16. Dissolution of the Pelopomaaesian League (365)
- 33. Jason of Pherae (?-370)
- 33.1. Jason's Power and Plans
- 33.2. Jason's Army
- 33.3. Jason's Ambitions and Assassination
- 34. Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony
- 34.1. Athens' Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea) and the Island of Paros (378/7-372)
- 34.1.A. Athens' Alliance with Chalcis
- 34.1.B. Decrees Concerning Paros
- 34.2. Athens' Colonization of Samos (365)
- 34.3. Athens' Treatment of Arcesine (Amorgus; ca. 357/6)
- 34.4. Calls for Peace in Athens (ca. 355-350)
- 34.5. Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common Peace (367)
- 34.6. Thebes' Treatment of Orchomenus (364)
- 34.7. Thebes in Achaea and on the Sea
- 34.7.I. Thebes Intervenes in Achaea (366)
- 34.7.II. Thebes' Maritime Ambitions (364)
- 34.8. Battle of Mantinea (II; 362)
- 34.8.A. Battle Lines in Mantinea
- 34.8.B. Indecision in Mantinea
- 35. Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances, Grain, and Trade in the Fourth Century
- 35.1. Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees
- 35.1.A. Greater Authority of Laws
- 35.1.B. Tisamenus' Decree
- 35.2. Fourth-Century Assembly and Council
- 35.2.A. Assembly's Agenda
- 35.2.B. Assembly Meeting
- 35.3. Presidents of the Assembly and Their Duties
- 35.4. Fourth-Century Democratic Leadership
- 35.5. Plato on Athenian Speakers and Their Audience
- 35.6. Jury Courts
- 35.6.A. Defendant's Difficulties
- 35.6.B. Jurors
- 35.7. State Revenues and Taxation
- 35.7.A. Import Tax
- 35.7.B. Property Tax (Eisphora)
- 35.7.C. Paying the Property Tax
- 35.8. Athens' Income and a Taxable Property
- 35.8.I. Athens' Annual Income (ca. 341)
- 35.8.II. Taxable Property of Demosthenes' Father
- 35.9. Liturgies
- 35.10. Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis
- 35.11. Theoric Fund
- 35.12. Financing Military Operations
- 35.12.A. Iphicrates' Financial Methods
- 35.12.B. "Granting Favors"
- 35.13. Grain Import
- 35.14. Athens and Grain
- 35.14.I. Athens and Foreign Grain Producers
- 35.14.II. Regulating the Grain Trade and Its Products
- 35.15. Law of Coinage Certification
- 35.16. Maritime Contract
- 36. Metics (Resident Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians
- 36.1. Definition of a Metic
- 36.2. Useful Resident Aliens
- 36.2.I. Good Metics
- 36.2.II. Profitable Metics
- 36.3. Slaves and Their Occupations
- 36.3.I. Slaves' Occupations
- 36.3.II. Bankers and Slaves
- 36.4. Public Slaves: The Scythian Archers
- 36.5. Treatment of Slaves
- 36.5.I. Good, Useful Slave
- 36.5.II. Maid in Charge
- 36.6. Distinguishing the Free from the Unfree
- 36.6.I. Slave's Testimony Under Torture
- 36.6.II. Free Persons Resembling Slaves
- 36.6.III. Fear of Resembling Slaves
- 36.7. Aristotle on Natural Slavery
- 36.8. Contrasting Greeks With Barbarians
- 36.8.I. Greek and Barbarian Character
- 36.8.II. Greeks, Barbarians, and Freedom
- 36.8.III. War against the Barbarians
- 37. Masculine and Feminine Gender in Classical Athens
- 37.1. Manly Ideals: The Ephebic Oath
- 37.2. Manly Body
- 37.3. Unmanly Man
- 37.4. Aristophanes on Prostitution and Homosexuality
- 37.5. Violence and Men in Love
- 37.6. Artisans and Manual Laborers
- 37.7. Men, Women, and the Household
- 37.8. Wives and Mothers
- 37.9. Woman's Lot
- 37.10. Running the Household
- 37.11. Woman and the Household's Assets
- 37.12. Virtuous and Unfaithful Women
- 37.12.A. Woman of Virtue
- 37.12.B. Female Propriety
- 37.12.C. Homicide and Adultery
- 37.12.D. Killing of Eratosthenes
- 37.13. Citizenship and the Working Mother
- 37.14. Courtesan Neaera
- 38. Philip II of Macedonia (359-336)
- 38.1. Philip's Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359)
- 38.2. King Archelaus' Military Reforms (413-399)
- 38.3. Philip's Military Reforms and Coinage
- 38.3.A. Phalanx Formations
- 38.3.B. Philip's Coinage
- 38.4. Philip's Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages)
- 38.4.A. Philip's Companions
- 38.4.B. Royal Boys or Pages
- 38.5. Philip's Wives
- 38.6. Philip and the Third Sacred War (356-346)
- 38.6.A. Phocians Pillage Delphi
- 38.6.B. Diodorus on the Battle of the Crocus Field
- 38.7. Justin on the Battle of the Crocus Field
- 38.8. Demosthenes' War Plan Against Philip (352/1)
- 38.9. Philip's Capture of Olynthus (348)
- 38.9.A. Philip's Capture of Olynthus
- 38.9.B. Plan of an Olynthian House
- 38.10. Demosthenes on a Captive Olynthian Woman (348)
- 38.11. Peace of Philocrates and the End of the Third Sacred War (346)
- 38.12. On the Peace of Philocrates; Isocrates Appeals to Philip
- 38.12.I. On the Peace of Philocrates (346)
- 38.12.II. Isocrates Appeals to Philip to Lead a Persian Campaign (346)
- 38.13. Athens Proclaims War on Philip (340)
- 38.13.A. Philip Seizes Ships to Athens
- 38.13.B. Philip and Athens Go to War
- 38.14. Demosthenes against Philip; Philip on the Propontis
- 38.14.I. Demosthenes' Calls to Confront Philip (343-331)
- 38.14.II. Philip's Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium and Persian Involvement (340)
- 38.15. Battle of Chaeronea (338)
- 38.15.A. Diodorus on the Battle of Chaeronea
- 38.15.B. Polyaenus on the Battle of Chaeronea
- 38.15.C. Plutarch on the Battle of Chaeronea
- 38.15.D. Reconstructing the Battle
- 38.16. Philip, Elatea, and Chaeronea
- 38.16.I. Philip's Capture of Elatea in Central Greece (339)
- 38.16.II. Monuments of Chaeronea
- 38.17. Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea (338-336)
- 38.17.A. Corinthian League
- 38.17.B. Greeks' Oath on a Common Peace
- 38.17.C. Alexander's Treaty with the Greeks
- 38.17.D. Philippeum
- 38.18. Demosthenes' Eulogy of the Dead of Chaeronea (338)
- 38.19. Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal Tombs at Vergina
- 38.19.A. Death of Philip II
- 38.19.B. Vergina Royal Tombs
- 38.20. Justin on Philip's Assassination
- 38.21. Links of Interest
- 39. Alexander the Great (336-323)
- 39.1. Destruction of Thebes (335)
- 39.1.A. Theban Revolt
- 39.1.B. Punishment of Thebes
- 39.2. Alexander in Asia Minor (334-333)
- 39.2.A. Alexander's Invading Army
- 39.2.B. Alexander and the Chian Decree
- 39.3. Alexander in Asia Minor
- 39.3.I. Battle of
- the Granicus (334)
- 39.3.II. Copy of Lysippus' Statue of Alexander at the Granicus
- 39.3.III. Alexander and the Gordian Knot
- 39.4. Battle of Issus (333)
- 39.4.A. Alexander's Victory at Issus
- 39.4.B. Alexander Mosaic
- 39.5. Arrian on the Battle of Issus up to Darius' Flight (333)
- 39.6. Alexander Visits the Oracle of Ammon at Siwa (332/1)
- 39.7. Foundations of Alexandrias
- 39.8. Fire in Persepolis (331-330)
- 39.9. Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330)
- 39.10. Alexander Kills the Veteran General Cleitus (328)
- 39.10.A. Killing of Cleitus
- 39.10.B. Legitimizing Cleitus' Death
- 39.11. Alexander Turns "Asian"
- 39.12. Alexander's Adoption of Persian Dress and Customs
- 39.13. Victory in India (326)
- 39.14. Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians, and the Opis Mutiny
- 39.14.A. Resentment in the Army
- 39.14.B. Opis Mutiny and Its Aftermath
- 39.15. Susa Mass Marriages
- 39.16. Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324)
- 39.17. Alexander's Death
- 39.18. Alexander's Last Plans.
- Author/Creator:
- Languages:
- English
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- Item content: English
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- Description based on print version record.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. Available via World Wide Web. - Physical Description:
- 1 online resource.
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- ISBNs:
- 1118300947 (electronic bk.)
9781118300947 (electronic bk.)
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