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Table of Contents:

• Machine generated contents note: I. Archaeological Evidence
• 1.1. Pottery
• II. Coins
• III. Written Evidence
• III.1. Investigation of Sources and Fragments of Lost Historians
• III.2. Herodotus
• III.3. Thucydides
• III.4. Xenophon
• III.5. Diodorus of Sicily
• III.6. Plutarch
• III.7. Attic Orators
• 1. World of Homer
• 1.1. Funeral Scene on a Dipylon Vase
• 1.2. Homeric Household (Oikos)
• 1.3. Women and the Homeric Household
• 1.4. Slaves and the Homeric Household
• 1.5. Measure of Happiness
• 1.6. Household in Trouble
• 1.7. Households and Community
• 1.8. Homeric Leaders

• 1.9. Kings, Council, and Assembly
• 1.10. Trial Scene
• 1.11. Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence
• 1.12. Reciprocity and Guest-Friendship (Xenia)
• 1.13. Bust of Homer
• 2. World of Hesiod
• 2.1. Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice
• 2.2. Women and Pandora's Jar
• 2.3. Household and Marriage
• 2.4. Value of Labor
• 2.5. Hesiod
• 2.5.I. Slaves in Hesiod
• 2.5.II. Hesiod on Competitiveness
• 2.5.III. Bust of Hesiod
• 2.6. Orientalizing Period
• 3. Early Greek Polis (City-State) and the Ethnos
• 3.1. Homeric Polis
• 3.2. Walled Homeric Polis
• 3.3. Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; ca. 700)
• 3.4. Links to Andros and the Azoria Project
• 3.5. Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis
• 3.5.A. Theseus' Unification of Attica
• 3.5.B. Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis
• 3.6. Ethnos: The Ionians
• 3.6.A. Ion's Ancestors
• 3.6.B. Ionians in the Peloponnese
• 3.6.C. History of the Ionians
• 3.7. Links of Interest
• 4. Settlements Across the Sea: Greek "Colonization"
• 4.1. Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean
• 4.2. Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750)
• 4.2.A. Settling of Pithecoussae
• 4.2.B. "Nestor Cup"
• 4.3. Livy on the Settlement of Pithecoussae
• 4.4. Foundation of Cyrene (631)
• 4.5. Herodotus on the Foundation of Cyrene (631)
• 4.5.I. Delphic Oracle
• 4.6. Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and Epidamnus (435)
• 4.7. Settlers and Locals
• 4.8. Selinus (651/0?)
• 4.9. Links of Interest
• 5. Aristocratic Power and Attitudes
• 5.1. Aristocratic Power and Offices in Athens
• 5.2. Kings by Merit
• 5.3. Aristocratic Exclusiveness
• 5.3.A. Unworthy
• 5.3.B. Do Not Marry a Commoner
• 5.4. Aristocratic Anxiety
• 6. Archaic Tyranny
• 6.1. How Tyrants Attained Power
• 6.2. Birth and Rescue of Cypselus
• 6.3. Cypselus' Tyranny in Corinth (ca. 650-625)
• 6.3.A. Cypselus' Harsh Tyranny
• 6.3.B. Cypselus' Mild Tyranny
• 6.4. Periander's Tyranny in Corinth (625-585)
• 6.5. Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth
• 6.6. Failed Attempt at Tyranny in Athens: Cylon (632)
• 6.7. Herodotus on Cylon
• 7. Archaic and Classical Sparta
• 7.1. Thucydides on the Spartan City
• 7.2. Messenian Wars (735-650) and the Conquered Population
• 7.3. Helots
• 7.3.A. Tyrtaeus on the Helots
• 7.3.B. Helot System
• 7.4. Eliminating Helots
• 7.5. Krypteia
• 7.6. Lycurgus' Regulations
• 7.7. Early Sparta
• 7.7.I. Crises in Early Sparta
• 7.7.II. Early Economic Disparity in Sparta
• 7.7.III. Lycurgus' Identity
• 7.8. Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra
• 7.8.A. Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government
• 7.8.B. Plutarch on Lycurgus' Rhetra
• 7.9. Spartan Kingship
• 7.10. Xenophon on Spartan Kingship
• 7.11. Spartan Gerousia (Council)
• 7.12. Ephors
• 7.13. Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on the Spartan Government
• 7.13.I. Ephors and King Theopompus
• 7.13.II. Aristotle on the Spartan "Mixed" Constitution
• 7.14. State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies
• 7.15. Schooling of Boys
• 7.16. Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys
• 7.17. Girls' Education and Rituals
• 7.17.A. Girls' Education
• 7.17.B. Spartan Maidens and Rituals
• 7.17.C. Female Spartan Runner
• 7.18. Plutarch on Spartan Girls' Education and Rituals
• 7.19. Spartan Marriage
• 7.20. Wife-Sharing
• 7.20.A. Xenophon on Wife-Sharing
• 7.20.B. Polybius on Wife-Sharing
• 7.21. Sayings of Spartan Mothers
• 7.22. Common Messes
• 7.22.A. Xenophon on the Common Messes
• 7.22.B. Plutarch on the Common Messes
• 7.23. Aristotle on the Common Messes
• 7.24. Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality
• 7.24.A. Lycurgus' Egalitarian Measures
• 7.24.B. Similar Ones (Homoioi)?
• 7.25. Courage and Cowardice in Sparta
• 7.26. Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances
• 7.26.A. Spartans' Agreement with Tegea
• 7.26.B. Spartans' Treaty with Olynthus
• 7.27. Sparta, Arcadia, and Corinth
• 7.27.I. Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes
• 7.27.II. First Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (506)
• 7.27.III. Second Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (504)
• 7.28. King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens (519)
• 7.29. King Cleomenes
• 7.29.I. Cleomenes' Birth
• 7.29.II. Cleomenes and Argos (494)
• 7.29.III. Cleomenes and Aegina
• 7.29.IV. Cleomenes and Demaratus (491/0)
• 7.29.V. Cleomenes' Downfall (490-489)
• 7.30. Links of Interest
• 8. Hoplites and Their Values
• 8.1. Hoplites and Their Weapons
• 8.2. Standing in a Phalanx Formation
• 8.3. Hoplite Battles
• 8.4. Hoplite Ideals
• 8.4.A. Do Not Flee But Stand Your Ground
• 8.4.B. Worthy Man in War
• 8.5. Battle of Champions
• 8.6. Spartan or Hoplite Ideology
• 8.7. Hoplites and Politics
• 8.8. Links of Interest
• 9. Archaic Athens From Draco to Solon
• 9.1. Draco's Law of Homicide (621/0)
• 9.2. Draco's Harsh Laws
• 9.3. Background to Solon's Legislation
• 9.3.A. Situation Before Solon's Archonship
• 9.3.B. Solon's Election
• 9.4. Solon's Middle-of-the-Road Policy (594)
• 9.5. Solon's Rejection of Tyranny
• 9.6. Solon's Economic Regulations: Land and Debts
• 9.6.A. Solon's Regulations Concerning Debts
• 9.6.B. Solon on His Regulations
• 9.7. Solon's Economic Regulations: Export and Trade
• 9.8. Solon's Political Regulations
• 9.8.A. Solon's Classes and Their Respective Offices
• 9.8.B. Solon and Election to Offices
• 9.9. Solon's Judicial Regulations
• 9.10. Solonian Polis
• 9.11. Link to a Bust of Solon
• 10. Tyranny in Athens
• 10.1. Solon and King Croesus
• 10.2. Athens after Solon
• 10.3. Rivalry for Power
• 10.4. Peisistratus' First Attempt at Tyranny (561/0)
• 10.5. Peisistratus' Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile and Return (556-546)
• 10.5.A. Peisistratus Marries Megacles' Daughter
• 10.5.B. Peisistratus' Exile
• 10.6. Peisistratus in Exile
• 10.7. Peisistratus' Tyranny (546-528/7)
• 10.8. Peisistratus' Rule; Athenian Coinage
• 10.8.I. Peisistratus' Mild Rule
• 10.8.II. Early Athenian Coins and the City of Athens Under the Tyrants
• 10.9. Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List
• 10.10. Athenian Tyrannicides (514/3)
• 10.10.A. Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides
• 10.10.B. Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton
• 10.11. Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides
• 10.12. Expulsion of the Tyrants (511/0)
• 11. Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7)
• 11.1. Cleisthenes and His Opposition
• 11.2. Cleisthenes' Reforms (508/7)
• 11.2.A. Cleisthenes' Measures
• 11.2.B. Athenian Demes
• 11.3. Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian Residents
• 11.4. Membership in the Deme
• 11.5. Ostracism (Ostrakismos)
• 11.5.A. Trial by Potsherds
• 11.5.B. Ostraka
• 11.6. Ath. Pol. on Ostracism and the Dating of Its Introduction
• 11.7. Generalship
• 11.8. Athenian Public Building ca.
• 500
• 12. Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and Competition
• 12.1. Manly Youth: A Kouros
• 12.2. Homoerotic Couples
• 12.3. Courting Men and Women
• 12.4. Cretan Lovers
• 12.5. Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves
• 12.6. Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase
• 12.7. Love and the Symposion
• 12.7.I. Proclaiming Love
• 12.7.II. Symposion, Wine, and Self-Control
• 12.8. Banquet (Symposion)
• 12.9. Competition and the Rewards of Victory
• 12.9.A. Prize in the Panathenaic Games
• 12.9.B. Victory Ode
• 12.10. Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice
• 12.11. Archaic Women: Sappho on Love
• 12.11.A. "She Left Me"
• 12.11.B. What is Beauty?
• 12.12. Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea
• 12.12.I. Sappho's Invitation of Aphrodite
• 12.12.II. Female Youth
• 12.13. Seducing Maidens
• 12.14. Anacreon's "Thracian Filly"
• 12.15. Portraits of Wives
• 12.16. Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste
• 12.16.I. Sappho's Poem on Andromache's Arrival in Troy
• 12.16.II. Marriage of Agariste
• 13. Archaic Law
• 13.1. Law of Dreros
• 13.2. Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct
• 13.3. Gortyn Law on Division of Property
• 13.4. Solon's Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry, Women Outdoors, Parental Support, and Sexual Misconduct
• 13.5. Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad
• 13.6. Changing the Law
• 14. Archaic Greek Religion
• 14.1. Herodotus on Homer and Hesiod's Contribution to Greek Religion
• 14.2. Athens Purifies Delos (426/5)
• 14.3. Worship
• 14.4. Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis
• 14.4.A. Mysteries and Hades
• 14.4.B. Macron Cup with Triptolemus
• 14.5. Hymn to Demeter
• 14.6. Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s)
• 14.7. Links of Interest
• 15. Ionian Revolt: Persians and Greeks
• 15.1. King Croesus
• 15.1.I. Croesus' Kingdom
• 15.1.II. Croesus and Delphi
• Contents note continued: 15.2. Persia and the Ionians
• 15.3. Ionians, Greeks, and Persians
• 15.3.I. Herodotus on the Ionians and Their Response to the Persian Occupation
• 15.3.II. Cyrus the Great and Sparta
• 15.3.III. Cultural Exchange between Greeks and Persians
• 15.4. Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513)
• 15.5. King Darius I and His Administrative Reforms
• 15.6. Causes of the Ionian Revolt (499-494)
• 15.6.A. Aristagoras' Naxian Campaign
• 15.6.B. Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants
• 15.7. Aristagoras' Rebellion and Histiaeus' Message
• 15.8. Aristagoras' Quest for Help in Greece (500)
• 15.9. Aristagoras in Sparta
• 15.10. Fall of Miletus and Phrynichus' Capture of Miletus (494)
• 15.11. Change of Persian Policy in Ionia
• 16. Battle of Marathon (490)
• 16.1. Darius Demands Surrender
• 16.2. Spartans' Attempt to Atone for the Killing of Persian Envoys
• 16.3. Persian Expedition and Athens' Request for Help (490)
• 16.3.A. Persians Arrive at Marathon
• 16.3.B. Athens Requests Help from Sparta
• 16.4. Battle of Marathon (490)
• 16.4.A. War Council Before Battle and the Fighting in Marathon
• 16.4.B. Persian Cavalry
• 16.4.C. Monuments of the Battle of Marathon
• 16.5. Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid?
• 16.6. Fame of Marathon and Its Commemoration
• 16.6.A. Elegy on Marathon
• 16.6.B. Aeschylus' Epitaph
• 16.6.C. Mound at Marathon
• 16.7. After Marathon
• 16.7.I. Link to an Image of a Greek Soldier Fighting a Persian
• 16.7.II. Aristophanes on the Warriors of Marathon
• 16.7.III. Miltiades after Marathon
• 16.7.IV. Darius' War Plans after Marathon
• 17. Persian War (480-479)
• 17.1. Greek Perspectives of the Persian War
• 17.1.A. Bridging of the Hellespont
• 17.1.B. Punishing the Hellespont
• 17.2. Greeks' Views of Persians
• 17.2.I. Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat and Humiliation
• 17.2.II. Plato on Persian Royal Education and Decadence
• 17.3. Themistocles and His Naval Program
• 17.3.A. Themistocles' Plan
• 17.3.B. Themistocles' Naval Project
• 17.4. Herodotus on Themistocles' Building of the Athenian Navy
• 17.5. Athenian Trireme
• 17.5.A. Lenormant Relief of a Trireme
• 17.5.B. Olympia at Sea
• 17.6. Explanatory Comments on the Athenian Trireme
• 17.7. Greek Responses to Xerxes' Invasion
• 17.8. Themistocles Initiates the Return of Ostracized Athenians
• 17.9. Hellenic Alliance Against Persia
• 17.9.A. Greeks' Decisions About the War
• 17.9.B. Greek Command
• 17.10. Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480)
• 17.10.A. Retreat from Thessaly
• 17.10.B. Greeks' Lines of Defense
• 17.11. Battle of Thermopylae (480)
• 17.11.A. Leonidas' Plan
• 17.11.B. Leonidas Decides to Stay
• 17.11.C. Commemorating the Spartans of Thermopylae
• 17.12. From Artemisium to Thermopylae
• 17.12.I. Herodotus on the Battle of Artemisium
• 17.12.II. Themistocles Encourages the Ionians and the Carians to Desert Xerxes
• 17.12.III. Demaratus Informs Xerxes about the Spartans
• 17.12.IV. Spartans' Last Stand at Thermopylae and Leonidas' Fate
• 17.13. Evacuation of Athens
• 17.13.A. Athenians Ask for a Second Oracle
• 17.13.B. Themistocles' Decree
• 17.13.C. Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy
• 17.14. Athens' Choice
• 17.14.I. First Athenian Consultation of Delphi About Continuing the War Against Persia
• 17.14.II. Areopagus Helps in the Evacuation of Athens
• 17.15. Battle of Salamis (480)
• 17.15.A. Themistocles' Plan of Battle
• 17.15.B. Persian Movements
• 17.15.C. Battle Plan of Salamis
• 17.15.D. Aeschylus' Description of the Battle of Salamis
• 17.16. Greeks in Salamis
• 17.16.I. Herodotus on the Battle of Salamis
• 17.16.II. Competing Claims for the Honor of Fighting at Salamis
• 17.17. Battle of Plataea (479)
• 17.17.A. Athens Declares Loyalty to the Greek Cause
• 17.17.B. Spartan Expedition to Plataea
• 17.17.C. Plataea Oath
• 17.18. Herodotus on the Battle of Plataea
• 17.19. Commemorating the Battle of Plataea
• 17.19.A. Simonides on the Spartans' Departure for Plataea
• 17.19.B. Dedications to the Gods
• 17.19.C. Those Who Fought in the War
• 17.20. Pausanias and the Fame of Plataea
• 17.21. Battle of Mycale (479)
• 17.22. Links of Interest
• 18. Athenian Empire
• 18.1. Rebuilding Athens' Walls (479/8)
• 18.2. Themistocles and Sparta
• 18.2.I. Themistocles and the Fortification of Piraeus
• 18.2.II. Themistocles' Opposition to Sparta's Plan to Punish Medized States
• 18.3. Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies
• 18.3.A. Pausanias' Recall
• 18.3.B. Spartans Relinquish Their Command
• 18.3.C. Aristides and the Ionians
• 18.4. Pausanias Seeks Support from Xerxes
• 18.5. Formation of the Delian League (478)
• 18.5.A. Goals of the Delian League
• 18.5.B. Liberating the Greeks
• 18.5.C. Managing the League
• 18.5.D. Establishing the Tribute
• 18.6. Comments on the Delian League's Original Annual Tribute and Structure
• 18.7. Cimon and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest of Eion, Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6-465)
• 18.7.A. Capture of Eion
• 18.7.B. Capture of Scyros
• 18.7.C. Subjugation of Carystus and Naxos
• 18.8. Themistocles' Exile; Cimon and Theseus
• 18.8.I. Themistocles' Ostracism and Exile
• 18.8.II. Cimon and Theseus
• 18.9. Operations in Asia Minor and the Battle of Eurymedon (469-466)
• 18.9.A. Cimon's Successes in Asia Minor
• 18.9.B. Battle of Eurymedon
• 18.9.C. Eulogizing the Dead of Eurymedon
• 18.10. Cimon in Asia Minor; the Painted Stoa
• 18.10.I. Cimon's Operations in Asia Minor (470-467/6)
• 18.10.II. Painted Stoa and Its Possible Association with Cimon
• 18.11. Operations in Northern Greece (465/4-463/2)
• 18.12. Sparta's Wars in the Peloponnese, the Great Helots' Revolt, and the Mt. Ithome Affair (473-460)
• 18.12.A. Sparta's Peloponnesian Conflicts
• 18.12.B. Great Earthquake and the Messenian Revolt
• 18.12.C. Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta
• 18.12.D. Spartans Send the Athenians Back Home
• 18.13. Leotychidas' Exile and Pausanias' Second Recall and Death
• 18.13.I. Leotychidas, Bribes, and Exile (ca. 476)
• 18.13.II. Pausanias' Second Recall and Death (ca.470)
• 18.14. Messenians Settle Naupactus
• 19. Empowering Athenian Democracy (462/1-445/4)
• 19.1. Ephialtes' Reforms (462/1)
• 19.1.A. Ephialtes and the Areopagus
• 19.1.B. Areopagus after Ephialtes' Reforms
• 19.2. Aeschylus and the Areopagus; Ephialtes' Murder
• 19.2.I. Aeschylus and the Areopagus
• 19.2.II. Ephialtes' Assassination
• 19.3. Blocking Illegal Decrees (Graphe Paranomon)
• 19.4. Examination of State Officials (Dokimasia)
• 19.5. Rendering Accounts (Euthynai)
• 19.6. Expanding Eligibility to the Archonship
• 19.7. Pericles' Democratic Measures
• 19.8. Democratic Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos)
• 19.8.A. Public Pay and Offices
• 19.8.B. Public Wages
• 19.9. Criticism of State Salaries
• 19.10. Elitist Perspective on Pericles' Relationship with the Demos
• 19.11. Pericles' Citizenship Law (451/0)
• 19.11.A. Philochorus on the Background of Pericles' Law
• 19.11.B. Plutarch on the Background of Pericles' Law
• 19.12. Ath. Pol.
• on Pericles' Citizenship Law
• 19.13. Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias
• 19.14. Pericles' Building Program and Leadership
• 19.14.I. Controversy over Pericles' Building Program and the Ostracism of Thucydides son of Melesias (444/3)
• 19.14.II. Pericles' Leadership
• 19.15. Links of Interest
• 20. War and Peace in Greece (461/0-437/6)
• 20.1. Athens' Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0)
• 20.2. Athenian Pride in their Victory over Corinth
• 20.3. Athenian Expedition to Egypt (460)
• 20.3.A. Egyptian Expedition
• 20.3.B. Defeat in Egypt
• 20.4. Diodorus on the Egyptian Campaign (460)
• 20.5. Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts (460-459)
• 20.6. Thucydides on Athenian Campaigns in 460-458
• 20.7. Long Walls (458)
• 20.8. Ancient Accounts About the Long Walls
• 20.9. Battle of Tanagra (458)
• 20.10. Cimon and the Battle of Tanagra (457)
• 20.11. Peace of Callias (450?)
• 20.12. Athenian Campaigns 453-451
• 20.12.I. Athenian Campaigns in Western Greece (ca. 453)
• 20.12.II. Cimon's Last Campaign (451)
• 20.13. Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446)
• 20.13.A. Euboean Campaign and the Peloponnesian Invasion
• 20.13.B. Pericles Bribes the Spartans to Retreat
• 20.14. Pericles Punishes Euboea (446)
• 20.15. Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta (446/5)
• 20.15.A. Athenian Concessions in the Thirty-Year Peace
• 20.15.B. Arbitration Clause in the Thirty-Year Peace
• 20.16. Thirty-Year Peace and Argos' Neutrality
• 20.17. Athenian Colonization and the Colony of Brea (447-445)
• 20.17.A. Athenian Foundations of Colonies
• 20.17.B. Foundation Decree of Brea
• 20.18. Hippodamian City Plan
• 20.19. Foundation of Thurii in Italy (444/3)
• 20.20. Foundation of Amphipolis (437/6)
• 21. Administration of the Empire and the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists
• 21.1. Cleinias Decree
• 21.2. Tribute Quota List of 453/2
• 21.3. Erythraean Decree (453/2)
• 21.4. Athens and the Allies
• 21.4.I. Athens' Intervention in the Allies' Affairs
• 21.4.II. Athens' Jurisdiction Over the Allies
• 21.5. Samian Revolt (441/0-440/39)
• 21.6. Allies' Attitudes Toward the Empire
• 21.6.A. Athens' Services to the Allies
• 21.6.B. Allies' Enmity Toward Athens
• Contents note continued: 21.6.C. Pragmatic Attitude Toward the Allies' Conduct
• 22. City of Athens
• 22.1. Pericles' Public Building
• 22.2. Parthenon and Athena's Statue
• 22.2.I. Statue of Athena Parthenos
• 22.2.II. Pericles, Phidias, and Athena's Statue
• 22.3. Acropolis
• 22.3.I. Building the Erechtheum
• 22.3.II. Athenian Acropolis
• 22.4. City Dionysia: Religion, Drama, and the State
• 22.4.I. Dionysian Procession
• 22.5. Dithyrambic Performances
• 22.6. Selecting and Producing Plays
• 22.7. Theater of Dionysus
• 22.7.I. Honoring in the Theater
• 22.7.II. Theater of Dionysus at Athens
• 22.8. Links of Interest
• 23. Sophists, Athenian Democracy, and Democracy's Critics
• 23.1. Sophists' View of Justice
• 23.2. Right and Might
• 23.3. Justice and Expediency
• 23.4. Sophocles' Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists
• 23.5. Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides' Suppliant Women
• 23.6. Democracy and Its Alternatives
• 23.6.I. Debate over the Merits of Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy
• 23.6.II. Pericles' Funeral Oration
• 23.7. Criticizing Democracy
• 23.8. Criticism of the Democratic Use of the Lot
• 24. Causes of the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian and Spartan Strategies
• 24.1. Thucydides' View of the Causes of the Peloponnesian War
• 24.2. Epidamnus and Potidaea Affairs
• 24.2.I. Epidamnus Affair (436-433)
• 24.2.II. Potidaea Affair (433-432)
• 24.3. Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure, and Spartan Demands
• 24.3.A. Thucydides on the Megarian Decree
• 24.3.B. Plutarch on the Background to the Megarian Decree
• 24.3.C. Corinth Urges Sparta to Go to War
• 24.3.D. Spartan Demands
• 24.4. Aristophanes on Pericles, Aspasia, and the Megarian Affair
• 24.5. Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy
• 24.5.A. Spartan Estimates of the Athenian Reaction
• 24.5.B. Greek Enmity Toward Athens
• 24.6. King Archidamus Advises the Spartans About the War
• 24.7. "Periclean Strategy"
• 24.7.A. Pericles on the Athenian Strategy
• 24.7.B. Superiority of Naval Power
• 24.8. Athenian and Spartan "Characters" and Strategies
• 24.8.I. Thucydides on the Spartan and Athenian "National Characters" and Their Impact on Strategies
• 24.8.II. Comments on Problems of the Spartan and Athenian Strategies
• 25. Peloponnesian War: The Archidamian War (431-421)
• 25.1. Athens and the Plague
• 25.1.A. Mass Grave in Athens
• 25.1.B. Thucydides on Human Conduct During a Plague
• 25.2. Pericles' Conviction; the Plague
• 25.2.1. Plutarch on Pericles' Conviction
• 25.2.II. Thucydides on the Plague in Athens
• 25.3. Pericles' Political Successors
• 25.4. Athens Opens a Second Front in Sicily (427)
• 25.5. Nicias and Cleon
• 25.5.A. Plutarch on Nicias
• 25.5.B. Cleon and the Demos
• 25.5.C. Aristophanes on Cleon
• 25.6. Nicias; Cleon; the Mytilenean Affair
• 25.6.I. Nicias' Piety and Munificence
• 25.6.II. Aristophanes' Depiction of Cleon as the People's Watchdog
• 25.6.III. Mytilenean Affair (428-427)
• 25.7. Pylos Campaign (425)
• 25.7.A. Demosthenes' Plan
• 25.7.B. Sparta Offers Peace
• 25.7.C. Spartans' Surrender
• 25.7.D. Impact of Sphacteria
• 25.7.E. Spartan Shield from Pylos
• 25.8. Battle on the Island of Sphacteria
• 25.9. Brasidas
• 25.9.A. Brasidas' Impact
• 25.9.B. Brasidas' Speech to the Acanthians
• 25.9.C. Athens Punishes Torone
• 25.9.D. Brasidas' Last Honors
• 25.10. Yearnings for Peace in Athens
• 25.11. Peace of Nicias (421)
• 25.11.A. Athens' and Sparta's Motives for the Peace
• 25.11.B. Selected Terms of the Peace of Nicias
• 26. Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War
• 26.1. Spartan War Fund
• 26.2. Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora)
• 26.3. Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree
• 26.4. Cleon and the Allies' Tribute
• 26.5. Special Treatment: The Methone Decrees
• 26.6. Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree
• 27. Uneasy Peace and the Sicilian Expedition (421-413)
• 27.1. Alcibiades
• 27.1.A. Alcibiades at the Olympic Games
• 27.1.B. Alcibiades' Ambitions and the Athenians' Attitudes Toward Him
• 27.1.C. Alcibiades and Melos
• 27.1.D. Alcibiades and the Ostracism of Hyperbolus
• 27.2. Battle of Mantinea (I); the Melian Dialogue
• 27.2.I. (First) Battle of Mantinea (418)
• 27.2.II. Melian Dialogue
• 27.3. Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian Expedition (416)
• 27.3.A. Egesta Requests Help
• 27.3.B. Decision on the Sicilian Campaign
• 27.4. Egestans Trick the Athenian Fact-Finding Mission
• 27.5. Athenians' Goals in Sicily
• 27.5.A. Alcibiades Describes the Athenian Goals and Strategy
• 27.5.B. Athenian Enthusiasm for the Campaign
• 27.5.C. Athenian Armada
• 27.6. Nicias and Alcibiades Debate the Sicilian Campaign (415)
• 27.7. Herms and Mysteries Affairs
• 27.7.A. Andocides on the Plot
• 27.7.B. Plotters Gather (?)
• 27.7.C. Confiscation of the Plotters' Property
• 27.8. Thucydides on the Herms and Mysteries Affairs
• 27.9. Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta
• 27.10. Athenian Strategy in Sicily; Alcibiades' Recall
• 27.10.I. Initial Athenian Strategy in Sicily
• 27.10.II. Alcibiades' Recall and the Impact of His Defection to Sparta
• 27.11. Sparta Enters the War
• 27.12. Athens Sends Reinforcements to Nicias in Sicily (414)
• 27.13. Athenian Defeat in Sicily
• 27.13.A. Athenian Retreat from Syracuse
• 27.13.B. Massacre at the Assinarus River
• 27.13.C. Fate of Those Captured and Thucydides' Review of the Expedition
• 27.14. Syracusan Naval Tactics Prior to the Arrival of Athenian Reinforcements (414)
• 27.15. Links of Interest
• 28. Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War (413-404)
• 28.1. Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413)
• 28.1.A. Harm from Decelea
• 28.1.B. Thebans' Gains
• 28.2. Sparta's Maritime Strategy and Persia
• 28.2.A. Persians Offer an Alliance
• 28.2.B. Spartan-Persian Treaty (412)
• 28.2.C. Persian King's Aegean Policy
• 28.2.D. Athenian Anti-Democrats Contact Alcibiades
• 28.3. Alcibiades in Sparta and Asia Minor
• 28.3.I. Alcibiades' Affair with Queen Timaea
• 28.3.II. Alcibiades' Advice to the Satrap Tissaphernes
• 28.4. Athenian Oligarchy of 411
• 28.4.A. Motion to Limit Political Rights to 5,000 Citizens
• 28.4.B. Decree Concerning Public Offices and the Council
• 28.4.C. Unpaid Offices and the Powers of the 5,000 and of the Council of 400
• 28.4.D. Demophantus' Decree and the Restoration of Democracy
• 28.5. Four Hundred Regime and Its Fall
• 28.5.I. Comments on the Leaders and Supporters of Overthrowing Athenian Democracy in 411
• 28.5.II. Board for Designing a New Government for Athens
• 28.5.III. Fall of the Four Hundred and Athens' New Constitution
• 28.6. Ransoming Captives and the Selymbrian Decree (408-407)
• 28.6.A. Ransoming Captives
• 28.6.B. Selymbrian Decree
• 28.7. Third Spartan-Persian Treaty; Alcibiades' Return
• 28.7.I. Third Spartan-Persian Treaty (411)
• 28.7.II. Alcibiades' Return and Athenian Views of Him (407/6)
• 28.8. Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta
• 28.8.A. Cyrus' Post
• 28.8.B. Battle of Notium
• 28.9. Cyrus in Asia Minor; Alcibiades' Exile
• 28.9.I. Cyrus the Younger's Mission in Asia Minor (407/6)
• 28.9.II. Alcibiades' Second Exile
• 28.10. Arginusae Affair (406/5)
• 28.11. Battle of Aegospotami (405)
• 28.12. Athens' Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian War (405/4)
• 28.12.A. Lysander Changes the Governments of the Allies
• 28.12.B. Samian Decree
• 28.12.C. Sparta Refuses to Destroy Athens and Her Terms of Surrender
• 28.12.D. Lysander Sails into Piraeus
• 28.13. Honoring the Victor
• 28.13.A. Dedication in Honor of Lysander
• 28.13.B. Lysander's Extraordinary Honors
• 28.13.C. Athenian View of the Defeat
• 29. Rule of the Thirty, the Athenian Amnesty, and Socrates' Trial
• 29.1. Establishment of the Rule of the Thirty (404)
• 29.2. Thirty Tyrants
• 29.3. Fall of the Thirty (403)
• 29.4. Critias' Grave Monument (?)
• 29.5. Spartans' Grave at Athens and the Athenian
• Amnesty (403)
• 29.5.A. Battle between the Peloponnesians and Athenian Democrats
• 29.5.B. Spartan Grave in Athens
• 29.5.C. Settlement Between the Democrats and the Oligarchs
• 29.5.D. Counter-Suit (Paragraphe)
• 29.6. Reaction of the Spartans and Their Allies to the Thirty's Appeal for Help Against the Exiles
• 29.7. Socrates' Trial (399)
• 29.8. Socrates' Trial and Image
• 30. Sparta After the Peloponnesian War: Politics, Wealth, and Demography
• 30.1. Accession of Agesilaus II (400)
• 30.2. Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399)
• 30.3. Empire and Wealth in Sparta
• 30.4. Epitadeus' Law (?) and the Shortage of Men (Oliganthropia)
• 30.4.A. Epitadeus' Law
• 30.4.B. Land Ownership and the Shortage of Male Citizens
• 30.5. Princess Cynisca
• 30.5.A. Cynisca's Olympic Victories
• 30.5.B. Cynisca Epigram
• 30.5.C. Agesilaus and Cynisca
• 31. Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War, and the Peace of Antalcidas (404/3-388/7)
• 31.1. Sparta and Persia
• 31.1.A. Cyrus Requests Spartan Aid
• 31.1.B. Spartan Aid to Cyrus
• 31.2. Lessons of the Anabasis
• 31.3. Agesilaus' Asian Campaign and Lysander's Demotion
• 31.3.A. Agesilaus' Asian Campaign
• 31.3.B. Agesilaus and Lysander
• 31.4. Lysander's Alleged Plan to Reform Spartan Kingship (396)
• 31.5. Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395)
• 31.5.A. King Sends Money to Greece
• 31.5.B. Greek Grievances Against Sparta
• Contents note continued: 31.6. Criticism of the View that Persian Bribes Led the Greeks to Fight Sparta
• 31.7. Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394)
• 31.8. Battle of Cnidus (394)
• 31.9. Dexileus Monument
• 31.10. Peltasts and the Battle of Lechaeum (390)
• 31.11. Iphicrates' Military Reforms
• 31.12. Peace of Antalcidas (388/7)
• 31.13. Comments on the Significance of the Peace of Antalcidas
• 31.14. Call for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia
• 32. From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle of Leuctra and Its Aftermath (371)
• 32.1. Boeotian Federation in the Fourth Century
• 32.2. Greek Federations and the Boeotian Federation Before the Fourth Century
• 32.3. Sparta Dissolves Greek Federations in the Name of Autonomy
• 32.4. Xenophon and Diodorus on the Union Between Argos and Corinth (392-386)
• 32.5. Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (Citadel) of Thebes (382)
• 32.6. Views of the Spartans at the Cadmea
• 32.6.I. Diodorus on the Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (382)
• 32.6.II. Xenophon on the Spartans' Fault in Occupying the Cadmea
• 32.7. Sphodrias Affair (379/8)
• 32.7.A. Sphodrias Invades Attica
• 32.7.B. Sphodrias' Acquittal
• 32.8. Plutarch on Sphodrias' Attempt to Capture Piraeus
• 32.9. Formation of the Second Athenian League (378/7)
• 32.9.A. Decree of Aristoteles
• 32.9.B. Diodorus on the Second Athenian League
• 32.9.C. "Contributions" to the League
• 32.10. Desiring Peace
• 32.11. Common Peace of 371
• 32.11.A. Terms of the Common Peace of 371
• 32.11.B. Epaminondas in Sparta
• 32.12. Sacred Band
• 32.13. Battle of Leuctra (371)
• 32.13.A. Xenophon on the Battle at Leuctra
• 32.13.B. Spartan Reaction to the Defeat in Leuctra
• 32.14. Plutarch on the Battle of Leuctra
• 32.15. Foundation of Messene (370/69)
• 32.16. Dissolution of the Pelopomaaesian League (365)
• 33. Jason of Pherae (?-370)
• 33.1. Jason's Power and Plans
• 33.2. Jason's Army
• 33.3. Jason's Ambitions and Assassination
• 34. Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony
• 34.1. Athens' Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea) and the Island of Paros (378/7-372)
• 34.1.A. Athens' Alliance with Chalcis
• 34.1.B. Decrees Concerning Paros
• 34.2. Athens' Colonization of Samos (365)
• 34.3. Athens' Treatment of Arcesine (Amorgus; ca. 357/6)
• 34.4. Calls for Peace in Athens (ca. 355-350)
• 34.5. Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common Peace (367)
• 34.6. Thebes' Treatment of Orchomenus (364)
• 34.7. Thebes in Achaea and on the Sea
• 34.7.I. Thebes Intervenes in Achaea (366)
• 34.7.II. Thebes' Maritime Ambitions (364)
• 34.8. Battle of Mantinea (II; 362)
• 34.8.A. Battle Lines in Mantinea
• 34.8.B. Indecision in Mantinea
• 35. Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances, Grain, and Trade in the Fourth Century
• 35.1. Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees
• 35.1.A. Greater Authority of Laws
• 35.1.B. Tisamenus' Decree
• 35.2. Fourth-Century Assembly and Council
• 35.2.A. Assembly's Agenda
• 35.2.B. Assembly Meeting
• 35.3. Presidents of the Assembly and Their Duties
• 35.4. Fourth-Century Democratic Leadership
• 35.5. Plato on Athenian Speakers and Their Audience
• 35.6. Jury Courts
• 35.6.A. Defendant's Difficulties
• 35.6.B. Jurors
• 35.7. State Revenues and Taxation
• 35.7.A. Import Tax
• 35.7.B. Property Tax (Eisphora)
• 35.7.C. Paying the Property Tax
• 35.8. Athens' Income and a Taxable Property
• 35.8.I. Athens' Annual Income (ca. 341)
• 35.8.II. Taxable Property of Demosthenes' Father
• 35.9. Liturgies
• 35.10. Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis
• 35.11. Theoric Fund
• 35.12. Financing Military Operations
• 35.12.A. Iphicrates' Financial Methods
• 35.12.B. "Granting Favors"
• 35.13. Grain Import
• 35.14. Athens and Grain
• 35.14.I. Athens and Foreign Grain Producers
• 35.14.II. Regulating the Grain Trade and Its Products
• 35.15. Law of Coinage Certification
• 35.16. Maritime Contract
• 36. Metics (Resident Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians
• 36.1. Definition of a Metic
• 36.2. Useful Resident Aliens
• 36.2.I. Good Metics
• 36.2.II. Profitable Metics
• 36.3. Slaves and Their Occupations
• 36.3.I. Slaves' Occupations
• 36.3.II. Bankers and Slaves
• 36.4. Public Slaves: The Scythian Archers
• 36.5. Treatment of Slaves
• 36.5.I. Good, Useful Slave
• 36.5.II. Maid in Charge
• 36.6. Distinguishing the Free from the Unfree
• 36.6.I. Slave's Testimony Under Torture
• 36.6.II. Free Persons Resembling Slaves
• 36.6.III. Fear of Resembling Slaves
• 36.7. Aristotle on Natural Slavery
• 36.8. Contrasting Greeks With Barbarians
• 36.8.I. Greek and Barbarian Character
• 36.8.II. Greeks, Barbarians, and Freedom
• 36.8.III. War against the Barbarians
• 37. Masculine and Feminine Gender in Classical Athens
• 37.1. Manly Ideals: The Ephebic Oath
• 37.2. Manly Body
• 37.3. Unmanly Man
• 37.4. Aristophanes on Prostitution and Homosexuality
• 37.5. Violence and Men in Love
• 37.6. Artisans and Manual Laborers
• 37.7. Men, Women, and the Household
• 37.8. Wives and Mothers
• 37.9. Woman's Lot
• 37.10. Running the Household
• 37.11. Woman and the Household's Assets
• 37.12. Virtuous and Unfaithful Women
• 37.12.A. Woman of Virtue
• 37.12.B. Female Propriety
• 37.12.C. Homicide and Adultery
• 37.12.D. Killing of Eratosthenes
• 37.13. Citizenship and the Working Mother
• 37.14. Courtesan Neaera
• 38. Philip II of Macedonia (359-336)
• 38.1. Philip's Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359)
• 38.2. King Archelaus' Military Reforms (413-399)
• 38.3. Philip's Military Reforms and Coinage
• 38.3.A. Phalanx Formations
• 38.3.B. Philip's Coinage
• 38.4. Philip's Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages)
• 38.4.A. Philip's Companions
• 38.4.B. Royal Boys or Pages
• 38.5. Philip's Wives
• 38.6. Philip and the Third Sacred War (356-346)
• 38.6.A. Phocians Pillage Delphi
• 38.6.B. Diodorus on the Battle of the Crocus Field
• 38.7. Justin on the Battle of the Crocus Field
• 38.8. Demosthenes' War Plan Against Philip (352/1)
• 38.9. Philip's Capture of Olynthus (348)
• 38.9.A. Philip's Capture of Olynthus
• 38.9.B. Plan of an Olynthian House
• 38.10. Demosthenes on a Captive Olynthian Woman (348)
• 38.11. Peace of Philocrates and the End of the Third Sacred War (346)
• 38.12. On the Peace of Philocrates; Isocrates Appeals to Philip
• 38.12.I. On the Peace of Philocrates (346)
• 38.12.II. Isocrates Appeals to Philip to Lead a Persian Campaign (346)
• 38.13. Athens Proclaims War on Philip (340)
• 38.13.A. Philip Seizes Ships to Athens
• 38.13.B. Philip and Athens Go to War
• 38.14. Demosthenes against Philip; Philip on the Propontis
• 38.14.I. Demosthenes' Calls to Confront Philip (343-331)
• 38.14.II. Philip's Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium and Persian Involvement (340)
• 38.15. Battle of Chaeronea (338)
• 38.15.A. Diodorus on the Battle of Chaeronea
• 38.15.B. Polyaenus on the Battle of Chaeronea
• 38.15.C. Plutarch on the Battle of Chaeronea
• 38.15.D. Reconstructing the Battle
• 38.16. Philip, Elatea, and Chaeronea
• 38.16.I. Philip's Capture of Elatea in Central Greece (339)
• 38.16.II. Monuments of Chaeronea
• 38.17. Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea (338-336)
• 38.17.A. Corinthian League
• 38.17.B. Greeks' Oath on a Common Peace
• 38.17.C. Alexander's Treaty with the Greeks
• 38.17.D. Philippeum
• 38.18. Demosthenes' Eulogy of the Dead of Chaeronea (338)
• 38.19. Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal Tombs at Vergina
• 38.19.A. Death of Philip II
• 38.19.B. Vergina Royal Tombs
• 38.20. Justin on Philip's Assassination
• 38.21. Links of Interest
• 39. Alexander the Great (336-323)
• 39.1. Destruction of Thebes (335)
• 39.1.A. Theban Revolt
• 39.1.B. Punishment of Thebes
• 39.2. Alexander in Asia Minor (334-333)
• 39.2.A. Alexander's Invading Army
• 39.2.B. Alexander and the Chian Decree
• 39.3. Alexander in Asia Minor
• 39.3.I. Battle of
• the Granicus (334)
• 39.3.II. Copy of Lysippus' Statue of Alexander at the Granicus
• 39.3.III. Alexander and the Gordian Knot
• 39.4. Battle of Issus (333)
• 39.4.A. Alexander's Victory at Issus
• 39.4.B. Alexander Mosaic
• 39.5. Arrian on the Battle of Issus up to Darius' Flight (333)
• 39.6. Alexander Visits the Oracle of Ammon at Siwa (332/1)
• 39.7. Foundations of Alexandrias
• 39.8. Fire in Persepolis (331-330)
• 39.9. Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330)
• 39.10. Alexander Kills the Veteran General Cleitus (328)
• 39.10.A. Killing of Cleitus
• 39.10.B. Legitimizing Cleitus' Death
• 39.11. Alexander Turns "Asian"
• 39.12. Alexander's Adoption of Persian Dress and Customs
• 39.13. Victory in India (326)
• 39.14. Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians, and the Opis Mutiny
• 39.14.A. Resentment in the Army
• 39.14.B. Opis Mutiny and Its Aftermath
• 39.15. Susa Mass Marriages
• 39.16. Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324)
• 39.17. Alexander's Death
• 39.18. Alexander's Last Plans.

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Author/Creator:

Roisman, Joseph, 1946-

Languages:

English

Language Notes:

Item content: English

Main Work:

Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: the evidence [by Roisman, J.]

Related Series:

Blackwell sourcebooks in ancient history

Subjects:

Greece — Civilization — To 146 B.C. — Sources

Greece — History — To 146 B.C. — Sources

To 146 B.C.

Civilization

Greece

Genres:

History

Sources

General Notes:

Description based on print version record.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. Available via World Wide Web.

Physical Description:

1 online resource.

Digital Characteristics:

text file

Call Numbers:

DF12 .R65 2011eb

ISBNs:

1118300947 (electronic bk.)
9781118300947 (electronic bk.)
9781405127752 (hardcover, alk. paper) [Invalid]
1405127759 (hardcover, alk. paper) [Invalid]
9781405127769 (pbk., alk. paper) [Invalid]
1405127767 (pbk., alk. paper) [Invalid]

OCLC Numbers:

773015310

Other Control Numbers:

EBC832297 (source: MiAaPQ)